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Rekha 1:
{{Infobox language
History
|name={{transl|hi|ISO|Hindi}}
|nativename= {{lang|hi|मानक हिन्दी}} ''Mānak Hindī''
|caption= "Hindi" written in [[Devanagari script]]
|image=[[File:Word Hindi in Devanagari.svg|center|150px|The word "Hindi" in Devanagari script]]
|familycolor=Indo-European
|states=[[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Mauritius]] and significant communities in [[USA]], [[UK]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Australia]], [[Myanmar]], [[Canada]], [[Nepal]], [[Afghanistan]], [[South Africa]], [[Uganda]], [[New Zealand]]
|speakers=180 million native in 1991, 120 million second-language in 1999.<ref name="Ethnologue, Hindi">[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=hin ''Ethnologue'', "Hindi"]</ref>
|fam2=[[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
|fam3=[[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]<ref>{{cite book | title = The Indo-Aryan languages | author = Dhanesh Jain | coauthors = George Cardona | page = 251 | publisher = Routledge | year = 2003 | isbn = 9780700711307}}</ref>
|fam4=[[w:Central zone|Central zone]]
|fam5=[[w:Western Hindi|Western Hindi]]
|fam6=[[w:Khariboli|Khariboli]]
|fam7=[[w:Hindustani language|Hindustani]]
|script=[[Devanagari]]
|nation={{IND|India}}
|agency=Central Hindi Directorate (India)<ref>Central Hindi Directorate regulates the use of [[Devanagari]] script and Hindi spelling in [[India]]. Source: [http://hindinideshalaya.nic.in/hindi/introduction.html Central Hindi Directorate: Introduction]</ref>
|iso1=hi
|iso2=hin
|linglist=hin-hin
|lingua=59-AAF-q (with Urdu,<br>including 58 varieties: 59-AAF-qaa to 59-AAF-qil)
|notice=Indic}}
 
[[File:Brahmi.png|thumb|Brahmi script - Hindi Language]]
Kannada is a Southern Dravidian language and according to Dravidian scholar Sanford Steever, its history can be conventionally divided into three periods; Old Kannada (halegannada) from 450–1200 A.D., Middle Kannada (Nadugannada) from 1200–1700 A.D., and Modern Kannada from 1700 to the present.[23] Kannada is influenced to an appreciable extent by Sanskrit. Influences of other languages such as Prakrit and Pali can also be found in Kannada language. The scholar Iravatham Mahadevan proved that Kannada was already a language of rich oral tradition earlier than 3rd century B.C., and based on the native Kannada words found in Prakrit and Tamil inscriptions of that period, Kannada must have been spoken by a widespread and stable population.[24][25] The scholar K.V. Narayana claims that many tribal languages which are now designated as Kannada dialects could be nearer to the earlier form of the language with lesser influence from other languages.[24] Influence of Sanskrit and Prakrit
{{InterWiki|code=hi}}
'''Hindi''' bhasa me [[India]] ke sab se jaada log baat kare hai. Ii dunia ke fifth most spoken language hai jon ki 182 million log ke mother tongue hai. Hindi ke [[Devanagari|Devanāgarīscript]] me likha jaae hai.
 
Hindi ke north India me dher log samjhe hai aur India bhar me iske bahut log samjhe hai. 1997 me ek survey me ii pawa gais ki India ke 66% log Hindi me baat kare sake hai. Hindi ke sab se common form ''Hindustani'' hai jisme dher sabd Dravidian bhasa, [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Turkish]], [[English language|English]], aur [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] bhasa se aais hai. Hindi lag bhag [[Urdu]] ke rakam hai, jon ki [[Pakistan]] ke main bhasa hai. Ii duuno bhasa me antar hai likhe ke script kahe ki Urdu ke Arabic script me likha jaae hai.
The sources of influence on Kannada grammar appear to be three-fold; Pāṇini's grammar, non-Paninian schools of Sanskrit grammar, particularly Katantra and Sakatayana schools, and Prakrit grammar.[26] Literary Prakrit seemed to have prevailed in Karnataka since ancient times. The vernacular Prakrit speaking people, may have come in contact with the Kannada speakers, thus influencing their language, even before Kannada was used for administrative or liturgical purpose. Kannada phonetics, morphology, vocabulary, grammar and syntax show significant Sanskrit and Prakrit influence.[26][27]
 
Hindi ke kuch [[dialect]] hai: Avadhi, Brij, Bhojpuri, Bundeli, Bagheli, aur Marwai.
Some examples of naturalised (tadbhava) words of Prakrit origin in Kannada are baṇṇa derived from vaṇṇa, arasu (king), and from Sanskrit, varṇa (color), hunnime (new moon) from puṇṇivā, paurṇimā (full moon), and rāya from rāja (king).[28] Kannada has numerous borrowed (tatsama) words such as dina, kopa, surya, mukha, nimiṣa, anna.[29] Early epigraphy The Halmidi inscription at Halmidi village, in old-Kannada, is usually dated to 450 AD (Kadamba Dynasty) Old-Kannada inscription dated 578 AD (Badami Chalukya dynasty) at Badami cave temple no.3 Old-Kannada inscription of c. 726 AD, discovered in Talakad, from the rule of King Shivamara I or Sripurusha (Western Ganga Dynasty) Old-Kannada inscription of the 9th century (Rashtrakuta Dynasty) at Durga Devi temple in Hampi, Karnataka The famous Atakur inscription (949 C.E.) from Mandya district, a classical Kannada composition in two parts; a fight between a hound and a wild boar, and the victory of the Rashtrakutas over the Chola dynasty in the famous battle of Takkolam Old Kannada inscription dated 1057 A.D. of Western Chalukya King Somesvara I at Kalleshwara Temple, Hire Hadagali in Bellary district Old-Kannada inscription ascribed to King Vikramaditya VI (Western Chalukya Empire), dated 1112 AD, at the Mahadeva Temple in Itagi, Koppal district of Karnataka state Old-Kannada inscription of 1220 AD (Hoysala Empire) at Ishwara temple of Arasikere town in the Hassan district Kannada inscription dated 1509 A.D., of King Krishnadevaraya (Vijayanagara Empire), at the Virupaksha temple in Hampi describes his coronation Kannada inscription dated 1654 A.D., at Yelandur with exquisite relief
 
Hindi, [[Sanskrit]] se aais hai aur [[7th century]] me iske "Apabhramsha" bolaa jawat rahaa aur [[10th century]] talak ii kaafi stable hoe gais.
Pre-old Kannada (or Purava HaleGannada) was the language of Banavasi in the early Common Era, the Satavahana and Kadamba periods and hence has a history of over 2000 years.[25][30][31][32] The Ashoka rock edict found at Brahmagiri (dated to 230 BC) has been suggested to contain words in identifiable Kannada.[33]
 
Kuch famous Hindi kavi hai [[Tulsidas]] aur [[Kabir]].
A possibly more definite reference to Kannada is found in the 'Charition mime' of the 1st or 2nd century CE. The farce, written by an unknown author was discovered in early 20th century at Oxyrynchus in Egypt.[34][35] The play is concerned with a Greek lady named Charition who has been stranded on the coast of a country bordering the Indian Ocean. The king of this region, and his countrymen, sometimes use their own language, and the sentences they spoke include Koncha madhu patrakke haki (lit having poured a little wine into the cup separately) and paanam beretti katti madhuvam ber ettuvenu (lit having taken up the cup separately and having covered it, I shall take wine separately).[36] The language employed in the papyrus indicates that the play is set in one of the numerous small ports on the western coast of India, between Karwar and Mangalore.[36]
 
== Hindi me ginti ==
The written tradition of Kannada begins in the early centuries of common era. The earliest examples of a full-length Kannada language stone inscription (shilashaasana) containing Brahmi characters with characteristics attributed to those of proto-Kannada in Hale Kannada (lit Old Kannada) script can be found in the Halmidi inscription, usually dated c. 450 C.E., indicating that Kannada had become an administrative language at that time. The Halmidi inscription provides invaluable information about the history and culture of Karnataka.[37][38][39][40] The 5th century Tamatekallu inscription of Chitradurga and the Chikkamagaluru inscription of 500 AD are further examples.[41][42][43] Recent reports indicate that the Old Kananda Nishadi Inscription discovered on the Chandragiri hill, Shravanabelagola, is older than Halmidi inscription by about fifty to hundred years and may belong to the period 350–400 CE.[44] The noted archaeologist and art historian S. Settar is of the opinion that an inscription of the Western Ganga King Kongunivarma (c.350 – 370) is also older than the Halmidi inscrption.[45]
{| border="1"
! Number Hindi me!!Number Fiji Hindi me
|-
| e:k ||ek
|-
|do: ||dui
|-
|ti:n||tiin
|-
|cha:r ||chaar
|-
|pa:nch ||paanch
|-
|chha ||chhe
|-
|sa:t ||saat
|-
|a:th ||aath
|-
|nau ||nau
|-
|das ||das
|}<ref>[http://www.zompist.com/million.htm Numbers in Million-Speaker Languages]</ref>
fizi ke logo ki hindi aaj bhi purane gramin(villages)logo jesi hi hai jo hindustan se 500-600 sal pahle fizi me jakar wahan ke nagrik
(civilians )ho gaye.
 
===Hafta ke din===
Over 30,000 inscriptions written in the Kannada language have been discovered so far.[46] Prior to the Halmidi inscription, there is an abundance of inscriptions containing Kannada words, phrases and sentences, proving its antiquity. The 543 AD Badami cliff inscription of Pulakesi I is an example of a Sanskrit inscription in old Kannada script.[47][48]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Fiji Hindi || Hindi
|-
||Sombaar||somvaar
|-
||Mangar||mangalvaar
|-
||Budh||budhvaar
|-
||Bif||brihspativaar
|-
||Suk||shukravaar
|-
||Sanichar||shanivaar
|-
||Etwaar||ravivaar
 
|} <ref> [http://www.learnhindiquickly.com/learnhindiquickly/HindiDays.html Days of the week in Hindi]</ref>
The earliest copper plates inscribed in Old Kannada script and language, dated to early 8th century AD belongs to the Alupa King Aluvarasa II from Belmannu, Dakshina Kannada district, and displays the double crested fish, his royal emblem.[49] The oldest well-preserved palm leaf manuscript in Old Kannada is that of Dhavala. It dated to around the 9th century, preserved in the Jain Bhandar, Mudbidri, Dakshina Kannada district.[50] The manuscript contains 1478 leaves written using ink.[50] Main articles: Halmidi inscription, Kappe Arabhatta, Shravanabelagola inscription of Nandisena, Tyagada Brahmadeva Pillar, Atakur inscription, Doddahundi nishidhi inscription, and List of people associated with the study of Kannada inscriptions Coins
 
== References ==
Some early Kadamba Dynasty coins bearing the Kannada inscription Vira and Skandha were found in Satara collectorate.[51] A gold coin bearing three inscriptions of Sri and an abbreviated inscription of king Bhagiratha's name called bhagi (c. 390–420 C.E.) in old Kannada exists.[52] A Kadamba copper coin dated to the 5th century C.E with the inscription Srimanaragi in Kannada script was discovered in Banavasi, Uttara Kannada district.[53] Coins with Kannada legends have been discovered spanning the rule of the Western Ganga Dynasty, the Badami Chalukyas, the Alupas, the Western Chalukyas, the Rashtrakutas, the Hoysalas, the Vijayanagar Empire, the Kadamba Dynasty of Banavasi, the Keladi Nayakas and the Mysore Kingdom, the Badami Chalukya coins being a recent discovery.[54][55][56] The coins of the Kadambas of Goa are unique in that they have alternate inscription of the king's name in Kannada and Devanagari in triplicate,[57] a few coins of the Kadambas of Hangal are also available.[58] Literature Main article: Kannada literature Old Kannada Main articles: Rashtrakuta literature, Western Ganga literature, Kannada literature in the Western Chalukya Empire, and Hoysala literature
<references/>
 
== Other websites ==
The oldest existing record of Kannada poetry in tripadi metre is the Kappe Arabhatta record of 700 CE.[59] Kavirajamarga by King Nripatunga Amoghavarsha I (850 CE) is the earliest existing literary work in Kannada. It is a writing on literary criticism and poetics meant to standardise various written Kannada dialects used in literature in previous centuries. The book makes reference to Kannada works by early writers such as King Durvinita of the 6th century and Ravikirti, the author of the Aihole record of 636 CE.[60][61] Since the earliest available Kannada work is one on grammar and a guide of sorts to unify existing variants of Kannada grammar and literary styles, it can be safely assumed that literature in Kannada must have started several centuries earlier.[60][62] An early extant prose work, the Vaddaradhane by Shivakotiacharya of 900 AD provides an elaborate description of the life of Bhadrabahu of Shravanabelagola.[63]
* [http://www.sumanasa.com/hindi-news/ Hindi News]
* [http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0900.pdf Devanāgarī script Unicode]
<!-- interwiki -->
 
[[Category:Hindi bhasa| ]]
Kannada works from earlier centuries mentioned in the Kavirajamarga are not yet traced. Some ancient texts now considered extinct but referenced in later centuries are Prabhrita (650 CE) by Syamakundacharya, Chudamani (Crest Jewel—650 CE) by Srivaradhadeva, also known as Tumbuluracharya, which is a work of 96,000 verse-measures and a commentary on logic (Tatwartha-mahashastra).[64][65][66] Other sources date Chudamani to the 6th century or earlier.[67][68] The Karnateshwara Katha, a eulogy for King Pulakesi II, is said to have belonged to the 7th century; the Gajastaka, a work on elephant management by King Shivamara II, belonged to the 8th century,[69] and the Chandraprabha-purana by Sri Vijaya, a court poet of King Amoghavarsha I, is ascribed to the early 9th century.[70] Tamil Buddhist commentators of the 10th century CE (in the commentary on Nemrinatham, a Tamil grammatical work) make references that show that Kannada literature must have flourished as early as the 4th century CE.[71]
[[Category:India ke bhasa]]
 
[[Category:Fiji ke bhasa]]
The late classical period gave birth to several genres of Kannada literature, with new forms of composition coming into use, including Ragale (a form of blank verse) and meters like Sangatya and Shatpadi. The works of this period are based on Jain and Hindu principles. Two of the early writers of this period are Harihara and Raghavanka, trailblazers in their own right. Harihara established the Ragale form of composition while Raghavanka popularised the Shatpadi (six-lined stanza) meter.[72] A famous Jaina writer of the same period is Janna, who expressed Jain religious teachings through his works.[73]
[[Category:Suriname ke bhasa]]
 
[[Category:Mauritius ke bhasa]]
The Vachana Sahitya tradition of the 12th century is purely native and unique in world literature, and the sum of contributions by all sections of society. Vachanas were pithy poems on that period's social, religious and economic conditions. More importantly, they held a mirror to the seed of social revolution, which caused a radical re-examination of the ideas of caste, creed and religion. Some of the important writers of Vachana literature include Basavanna, Allama Prabhu and Akka Mahadevi.[74] Middle Kannada Main articles: Kannada literature in Vijayanagara empire and Literature of the Kingdom of Mysore
 
During the period between the 15th and 18th centuries, Hinduism had a great influence on Middle Kannada (Nadugannada) language and literature. Kumara Vyasa, who wrote the Karnata Bharata Kathamanjari, was arguably the most influential Kannada writer of this period. His work, entirely composed in the native Bhamini Shatpadi (hexa-meter), is a sublime adaptation of the first ten books of the Mahabharata.[75] During this period, the Sanskritic influence is present in most abstract, religious, scientific and rhetorical terms.[76][77][78] During this period, several Hindi and Marathi words came into Kannada, chiefly relating to feudalism and militia.[79]
 
Hindu saints of the Vaishnava sect such as Kanakadasa, Purandaradasa, Naraharitirtha, Vyasatirtha, Sripadaraya, Vadirajatirtha, Vijaya Dasa, Jagannatha Dasa, Prasanna Venkatadasa produced devotional poems in this period.[80] Kanakadasa's Ramadhanya Charite is a rare work, concerning with the issue of class struggle.[81] This period saw the advent of Haridasa Sahitya (lit Dasa literature) which made rich contributions to bhakti literature and sowed the seeds of Carnatic music. Purandara Dasa is widely considered the Father of Carnatic music.[82][83][84] Modern Kannada Main articles: Modern Kannada literature and Kannada poetry
 
The Kannada works produced from the 19th century make a gradual transition and are classified as Hosagannada or Modern Kannada. Most notable among the modernists was the poet Nandalike Muddana whose writing may be described as the "Dawn of Modern Kannada", though generally, linguists treat Indira Bai or Saddharma Vijayavu by Gulvadi Venkata Raya as the first literary works in Modern Kannada. The first modern movable type printing of "Canarese" appears to be the Canarese Grammar of Carey printed at Serampore in 1817, and the "Bible in Canarese" of John Hands in 1820.[85] The first novel printed was John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress, along with other texts including Canarese Proverbs, The History of Little Henry and his Bearer by Mary Martha Sherwood, Christian Gottlob Barth's Bible Stories and "a Canarese hymn book."[86]
 
Modern Kannada in the 20th century has been influenced by many movements, notably Navodaya, Navya, Navyottara, Dalita and Bandaya. Contemporary Kannada literature has been highly successful in reaching people of all classes in society. Further, Kannada has produced a number of prolific and renowned poets and writers such as Kuvempu, Bendre, and V K Gokak. Works of Kannada literature have received eight Jnanpith awards,[87] the highest number awarded to any Indian language.[88] Dialects Main article: Kannada dialects
 
There is also a considerable difference between the spoken and written forms of the language. Spoken Kannada tends to vary from region to region. The written form is more or less consistent throughout Karnataka. The Ethnologue reports "about 20 dialects" of Kannada. Among them are Kundagannada (spoken exclusively in Kundapura), Nadavar-Kannada (spoken by Nadavaru), Havigannada (spoken mainly by Havyaka Brahmins), Are Bhashe (spoken by Gowda community mainly in the Sullia region of Dakshina Kannada), Malenadu Kannada (Sakaleshpur, Coorg, Shimoga, Chikmagalur), Soliga, Gulbarga Kannada, Dharawad Kannada etc. All of these dialects are influenced by their regional and cultural background.
 
Ethnologue also classifies a group of four languages related to Kannada, which are, besides Kannada proper, Badaga, Holiya and Urali. Status Kannada billboards in India.
 
The Director of the Central Institute of Indian Languages, Udaya Narayana Singh, submitted a report in 2006 to the Indian government arguing for Kannada to be made a classical language of India.[89] In 2008 the Indian government announced that Kannada was to be designated as one of the classical languages of India.[19] Writing system Main articles: Kannada alphabet and Kannada braille The Kannada language edition of Wikipedia.
 
The language uses forty-nine phonemic letters, divided into three groups: swaragalu (vowels – thirteen letters); vyanjanagalu (consonants – thirty-four letters); and yogavaahakagalu (neither vowel nor consonant – two letters: anusvara ಂ and visarga ಃ). The character set is almost identical to that of other Indian languages. The script itself, derived from Brahmi script, is fairly complicated like most other languages of India owing to the occurrence of various combinations of "half-letters" (glyphs), or symbols that attach to various letters in a manner similar to diacritical marks in the Romance languages. The Kannada script is almost perfectly phonetic, but for the sound of a "half n" (which becomes a half m). The number of written symbols, however, is far more than the forty-nine characters in the alphabet, because different characters can be combined to form compound characters (ottakshara). Each written symbol in the Kannada script corresponds with one syllable, as opposed to one phoneme in languages like English. The Kannada script is syllabic. Obsolete Kannada letters Arcaic n in Kannada script . Historical form of representing ನ್ in Kannada script.
 
Kannada literary works employed the letters ಱ (transliterated 'ṟ' or 'rh') and ೞ (transliterated 'ḻ', 'lh' or 'zh'), whose manner of articulation most plausibly could be akin to those in present-day Malayalam and Tamil. The letters dropped out of use in the 12th and 18th centuries, respectively. Later Kannada works replaced 'rh' and 'lh' with ರ (ra) and ಳ (la) respectively.[90]
 
Another letter (or unclassified vyanjana (consonant)) that has become extinct is 'nh' or 'inn'. ನ್ Likewise, this has its equivalent in Telugu, where it is called Nakaara pollu. The usage of this consonant was observed until the 1980s in Kannada works from the mostly coastal areas of Karnataka (especially the Dakshina Kannada district). Now hardly any mainstream works use this consonant. This letter has been replaced by ನ್ (consonant n).[citation needed]. Kannada script evolution
 
The image below shows the evolution of Kannada script[91] from prehistoric times to the modern period. The Kannada script evolved in stages:
 
Proto-Kannada → Pre–Old Kannada → Old Kannada → Modern Kannada.
 
The Proto-Kannada script has its root in ancient Brahmi and appeared around the 3rd century BCE. The Pre-Old-Kannada script appeared around the 4th century CE. Old-Kannada script can be traced to around the 10th century CE, whereas Modern-Kannada script appeared around the 17th century CE.