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'''Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein''' ({{IPA|[: luːtvɪç ˈjoːzɛf ˈjoːhan ˈvɪtgənʃtaɪn]}} inGerman Germanbhasa me) ([[26 April 26]], [[1889]] – [[29 April 29]], [[1951]]) was anek [[Austria]]n [[philosopher]] rahaa. HeUu workedjaada mainlykar inke thekaam basics of [[logic]], the philosophy of [[mathematics]], the philosophy of mind, andaur the philosophy of language me karis hae.<ref name="Time">{{cite web | title=Time 100: Scientists and Thinkers | work=Time Magazine Online |url=http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/ | accessmonthday=April 29 | accessyear=2006}}</ref> HeUske is regardedtwentieth ascentury oneke of thephilospher mostlogan importantme philosophersse ofek thekhaas philosopher twentiethmaana centuryjaawe hae.
Before62 hissaal deathke atumar theme ageuske ofmaut 62se pahile,<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE5D7143DF933A05751C1A966958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=print Give Him Genius or Give Him Death]. Article by Anthony Kenny, [[New York Times]]</ref> thekhaali onlyek bookbuk jon ki Wittgenstein hadpubliss publishedkaris wasrahaa the ''Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus'' rahaa. HisUske second bookduusar buk, ''Philosophical Investigations'' waske publisheduske shortlymaut afterke hebaad diedchapa gais rahaa. BothIi ofduuno thesebuk workske areanalytic regardedphilosophy asme verykhaas importantbuk formaana analyticjaawe philosophyhae. <ref>[http://www.philosophynow.org/archive/articles/33cain.htm Wittgenstein’s Significance], article by Mark J. Cain, ''Philosophy Now'' 2001</ref>
== LifeJidagi ==
Ludwig Wittgenstein waske born injanam [[Vienna]] onme [[26 April 26]], [[1889]]me, to Karl andaur Leopoldine Wittgenstein. Hese wasbhais therahaa. youngestUu ofaath eightlarrkan children and was born into one of the most prominent andme wealthyse familiesek inrahaa theaur [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian empire]] ke ek sab se dhani palwaar me paida bhais rahaa. HisUske father'spitaji parentske mai-baap, Hermann Christian andaur Fanny Wittgenstein, were born intoek [[Jew]]ish familiespalwaar butme laterpaeda convertedbhain rahaa lekin to [[Protestantism]], andme afterconcert theyhoe movedgain fromrahaa, aur 1850s me [[Saxony]] tose Vienna in the 1850s, assimilatedjaae themselveske into thebaab Viennese [[Protestant]] professional classes me mil gae rahin. Ludwig's fatherke pitaji, Karl Wittgenstein, became anek industrialist andban wentke oniron toand makesteel ame fortunedher inpaisa iron and steelbanais. Ludwig's motherke maiya Leopoldine, bornjiske Kalmus,janam waske annaam auntKalmus of therahaa, Nobel Prize laureate [[Friedrich von Hayek]]. Despiteke aunty rahii. Karl's Protestantism,ke and theProtestant factbane thatke Leopoldine'sbawajuut,aur fatheruske baap ke was Jewish, thehoe Wittgensteinke childrenbawajuut werebhi, [[baptism|baptized]]Wittgenstein ke larrkan aske [[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholics]] [[baptism|baptized]] karaa gais rahaa — thejon faithki ofuske theirnaani maternalke grandmotherdharam rahaar — and Ludwig waske mare ke givenbaad auske Roman Catholic burial upondewa hisgais deathrahaa.<ref>[http://www.iep.utm.edu/w/wittgens.htm Ludwig Wittgenstein] at the ''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy''</ref>
Wittgenstein began studying [[mechanical engineering]]. During his research he became interested in the foundations of [[mathematics]], particularly after reading [[Bertrand Russell]]'s ''Principles of Mathematics'' and [[Gottlob Frege]]'s ''Grundgesetze''. In 1911 Wittgenstein visited Frege and Russell and discussed philosophy with them at great length. He made a great impression on Russell and started to work on the foundations of logic and mathematical logic. Russell saw Wittgenstein as a successor who would carry on his work.<ref>[http://www.lehman.cuny.edu/deanhum/philosophy/BRSQ/04may.leiber.htm Russell and Wittgenstein: A Study in Civility and Arrogance], article by Justin Leiber</ref>
==== The ''Tractatus'' ====
[[File:Wittgenstein1920.jpg|right|thumbnail|Hochreit 1920. Wittgenstein is seated between his sister Helene Salzer and his friend, Arvid Sjögren.]]
During the First World War Wittgenstein served in the army and developed his logic. He included ethical aspects. In the summer of 1918 he learnt that his friend David Pinsent had been killed in an airplane accident. Wittgenstein became depressed and thought of [[suicide]]. He went to stay with his uncle Paul where he was able to complete the ''Tractatus''. No publisher accepted it, but Russell recognized it was a philosophically important work and wrote an introduction.<ref>[http://www.kfs.org/~jonathan/witt/aintro.html Introduction] by [[Bertrand Russell]]</ref> Wittgenstein did not like it because he thought that Russel had not understood the book. In the end Wilhelm Ostwald's journal ''Annalen der Naturphilosophie'' printed a German edition in 1921, and Routledge's Kegan Paul printed a bilingual edition with Russell's introduction in 1922.
=== The years after the ''Tractatus'' ===
Since Wittgenstein thought that the ''Tractatus'' had solved all the problems of philosophy, he left philosophy and returned to [[Austria]] to train as a primary school teacher.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news
| url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/saturday_review/story/0,,627726,00.html
| title = A dwelling for the gods
| work = ''Guardian Unlimited''
| date = 2002-01-05
| accessdate = 2008-01-19
}}</ref> Wittgenstein had unrealistic expectations of the rural children he taught, and had little patience with those children who had no gift for mathematics. But he had good results with children that were interested, especially boys. His severe disciplinary methods led to disagreement with some of his students' parents, and eventually he resigned his position and returned to Vienna, feeling that he had failed as a school teacher.
After abandoning his work as a school teacher, Wittgenstein worked as a gardener's assistant in a monastery near Vienna and then he worked with the architect, Paul Engelmann. This intellectual work did much to restore Wittgenstein's spirits.
Toward the end of this work, Wittgenstein was contacted by Moritz Schlick, one of the leading figures of the newly formed [[Vienna Circle]]. This contact [[wiktionary:stimulate|stimulated]] Wittgenstein intellectually and revived his interest in philosophy.
=== Return to Cambridge ===
In 1929 he decided to return to Cambridge. He was met at the railway station by a crowd of England's greatest intellectuals. He found out to his horror that he was one of the most famous philosophers in the world now.<ref>In a letter to his wife, Lydia Lopokova, [[John Maynard Keynes]] wrote: "Well, God has arrived. I met him on the 5.15 train."</ref>
In 1939 Wittgenstein was appointed to the chair in Philosophy at Cambridge.
During [[World War II]] he left Cambridge and volunteered as a hospital porter in Guy's Hospital in London and as a laboratory assistant in [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle upon Tyne's]] Royal Victoria Infirmary.
=== Final years ===
[[File:Wittgenstein Gravestone.jpg|right|thumbnail|300px|"Today there were 18 1p coins on the grave of Ludwig Wittgenstein at the Parish of the ''Ascension Burial Ground'' in Cambridge. Originally — some days ago — there were four, spread about; and then five in a little pile to one side. This morning there were 15 neatly underlining his name. Now there are three more, still neatly lined up. Over the years numerous small objects have been placed on the grave including a lemon, a pork pie, a Mr Kipling cupcake and a Buddhist prayer wheel. It is all very intriguing."<ref>Letter to the editor from Nick Ingham, ''The Times'', [[September 3]], [[2001]]</ref>]]
Wittgenstein resigned his position at Cambridge in 1947 to concentrate on his writing. When in 1949 one found out that he had cancer, he had written most of the material that would be published after his death as ''Philosophische Untersuchungen'' (''Philosophical Investigations''), which might be his most important work.
== Notes and references ==
== Bibliography ==
=== WorksKaam ===
==== ImportantKhaas publicationsbuk ====
* ''Logisch-Philosophische Abhandlung'', Annalen der Naturphilosophie, 14 (1921)
** ''[[Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus]]'', translated by C.K. Ogden (1922)
** ''Philosophical Investigations'', translated by G.E.M. Anscombe (1953)
== OtherDuusra websites == ▼=== Works about Wittgenstein ===
* ''Wittgenstein'', a film by the [[avant-garde]] filmmaker Derek Jarman (1993). The script and the original treatment by Terry Eagleton have been published as a book by the British Film Institute.
* ''The World as I Found It'' by Bruce Duffy, a recreation of the life of Wittgenstein (1987).
* ''Wittgenstein's Poker: The Story of a Ten-Minute Argument Between Two Great Philosophers'', by David Edmonds and John Eidenow (2002), describes the famous 10 minute meeting between Wittgenstein and [[Karl Popper]] which was on [[October 25]], [[1946]]. ISBN 0-06-093664-9.
* ''Oppression and Responsibility'' by Peg O'Connor, a Wittgensteinian approach to social practice and moral theory.
* [http://www.wittgen-cam.ac.uk/ Cambridge Wittgenstein Archive] - German and English, includes pictures, biography, searchable database of manuscripts.
{{BD|1889|1951|Wittgenstein, Ludwig Josef Johann}}
[[Category:20th century philosophersPhilosophers]]
[[Category:Austria ke log]]
[[af:Ludwig Wittgenstein]]
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