Peter Paul Rubens: ke revisions ke biich ke antar
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Rekha 26:
Iske saathe uu [[Antwerp]] me ek barraa studio chlawat rahaa jon ki Europe bhar ke nobility aur art collectors me mashuur rahaa. Rubens ek classically-educated [[Renaissance humanism|humanist scholar]], art collector, aur diplomat rahaa jiske duuno [[Philip IV of Spain|Philip IV]], Spain ke raja aur [[Charles I of England|Charles I]], England ke raja knithood diis rahaa.
===Early life===
Rubens ke janam Siegen, Westphalia, Germany me bhais rahaa. Uske pitaji, Jan Rubens aur maiya Maria Pypelincks rahis. Jan Rubens ek Calvinist rahis, aur uu aapan aurat ke saathe bhaag ke Antwerp se [[Cologne]] 1568 me gais, kaahe ki Netherlands me Spain ke raaj me [[Protestant]] log ke bahut satawa jaawat rahaa. Jan Rubens, 1570 me Siegen ke raja ke aurat ke leagal advisor ban gais aur wanhii pe rahe lagaa. Jan Rubens ke rani ke saathe affair kare ke khatir jahrl bhej aais rahaa aur yahii time 1577 me Peter Paul Rubens paida bhais rahaa. 1588 me puura palwaar Cologne chal diin, lekin dui saal baad, Rubens ke pitaji ke maut ke baad Rubens aapan maiya ke saathe Antwerp laut gais, jahaan pe uske [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] ke upbringing mila. Dharam uske jiwan me khaas sthan rakhis rahaa aur uu baad me Catholic Counter-Reformation style of painting ke .<ref>Belkin (1998): 11–18.</ref>
In Antwerp, Rubens received a humanist education, studying Latin and classical literature. By fourteen he began his artistic apprenticeship with [[Tobias Verhaeght]]. Subsequently, he studied under two of the city's leading painters of the time, the late [[Mannerism|Mannerist]] artists [[Adam van Noort]] and [[Otto van Veen]].<ref>Held (1983): 14–35.</ref> Much of his earliest training involved copying earlier artists' works, such as [[woodcut]]s by [[Hans Holbein the Younger]] and [[Marcantonio Raimondi|Marcantonio Raimondi's]] [[engraving]]s after [[Raphael]]. Rubens completed his education in 1598, at which time he entered the [[Guild of St. Luke]] as an independent master.<ref>Belkin (1998): 22–38.</ref>
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