World War I
World War I, jiske First World War, nai to the Great War ke naam se bhi jaana jaawe hae, 28 July 1914 me suruu bhas aur 11 November 1918 me khalaas bhais. Ii duniya bhar ke larrai rahaa aur 4 saal, 3 mahina aur 2 haptaa talak chalaa. Jaada kar ke larrai Europe me rahaa. Puura jorr ke 135 des ii larrai me hissa liin rahaa aur lagbhag 10 million log ke maut bhais rahaa. 26 June 1914 me jab, Austria ke, Archduke Franz Ferdinand ke maar dewa gais rahaa tab Austria-Hungary Serbia ke uppar larrai suruu karis. Iske baat Russia aus Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary ke taraf se, aur Russia, France aur British Empire , Serbia ke taraf se larrai me aae gain.
Larrai ke suruwaat
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1914 talak Europe me bawal (trouble) jaada hoe lagaa rahaa auch kuchh des sochat rahin ki duusra des uspe larrai kariyen. Jaise li, Germany jaad ataagatear hoe lagaa rahaa aur British Empire isse ek dhamki (threat) ke rakam se dekhat rahin. Europe ke des apne ke bachae ke khaatir duusra des se sandhi (alliance) banaun. Iske kaaran Europe dui gut (group) me hoe gain. Germany aur Austria-Hungary ke biich me 1879 se sandhi rahaa aur 1882 me isme Italy bhi join kar ke Tripe Alliance banain.[1] Farance aur Russia ke biich me 1882 se sandhi rahaa aur 1894 me Britain isme saamil hoe ke Triple Entente banain.[2]
1908 me Austria-Hungary, Bosnia ke aapan niche kar liis rahaa. Kuchh Serbian log jon ki Bosnia me rahat rahin, maangat rahin ki Bosnia, Serbia ke niche rahe. Austria-Hungary ke rajkumar (prince), jon ki Bosnia ke capital Sarajevo me rahaa, ke hatya (murder) ek Serbian nationalist kar diis.[3][4]]] Austria-Hungary iske khaatir Serbia pe dosh (blame) lagais aur ek aakhri chetauni (ultimatum) Serbia ke diis aur ii batais ki agar uske sart ke Serbia nai maani tab uspe larrai karaa jaai.[5] Jab ke Serbia jaada sart ke maan liis, fir bhi Austria-Hungary, Serbia pe larrai suruu kar diis. Russia, Serbia ke bagal se ii larrai me aae gais, kaaheki duuni Serbiam aur Russian log Slavic hae.[6] Germany, Russia ke uppar larrai ke declare kar diis, Austria-Hugary ke support me.[7]
Germany Europe ke biich me hae, ii kaaran se uske duuno east aur west me ek saathe larrai kare ke dar rahaa. Germany maangat rahaa ki uu jaldi se France se harae de, kaaheki Russia ke mobilise kare ke time lagii. Germany sidhe se France pe larrai nai kare sakat rahaa kaaheki Grance ke border achhchha se fortified rahaa. II kaaran se Germany Belgium me su ghus ke France me French-Belgian border ke rasta se larrai karis. Britain bhi larrai me saamil hoe gais kaaheki uske Belgium ke bachae ke sandhi rahaa. Ottoman Empire bhi larrai me Germany aur Austria-Hungary ke taraf se join hoe gais. Jab ke Italy ke Germany aur Austria-Hungary ke saathe alliance rahaa, uu larrai me nai join bhias ii bol ke ki Austria-Hungary, Serbia ke pahile attack karis rahaa.
Germany ke larrai Belgium aur France me
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Suruu me Germany ke safaltaa milaaa aur August ke end talak British Expeditionary Force pichhe jaawat rahin. Alsace-Lorraine me Franch, Germany ke attack kare ke kosis karis lekin uske dher siphahi ke maut hoe gais.[8] Jaise Germany ke army Paris ke nagiich pahunchis, France ke army, British expeditionary corps ke sahaetaa se "counter-attack" karis aur Germany ke army ke 40 se 80 kilometre piche dhalek diis. Ii time talak duuno bagal ke army ekdam thak gae rahin aur trench ke khod ke wahii ruk gain. Germany isme tagrraa position me rahaa, kaaheki ii France ke koila ke mines ke aapan niche kar liis rahaa aur 230,000 apne se jaada Alloed siphai ke ghaael (would) karis , nai to maaris rahaa.[9]
Asia aur Pacific me larrai
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30 August 1914 me, New Zealand ke siphai Samoa ke Germany se le liin. 11 September me Australia ke siphai, New Britain, jon ki Germany ke New Guinea me rahaa, me land bhain. Japan, Germany pe larrai ke declare kar ke uske north Pacific aur China ke sab territory ke lae liis. Kuchh hi mahina me allied des ke siphai, ii ilaaka ke sab German territory ke le liin.[10][11]
Africa me larrai
badlo6 Auguast me British aur French siphai, Germany ke colony Togo aur Cameroon pe larrai suruu karin. 10 August ke Germany ke South West Africa (Namibia) aur South Africa ke biich me larrai suruu bhais. Germany ke East Africa (Tanganika) me bhi larrai suruu bhais aus WWI ke khalaas hoe talak chalte rahaa.[12]
France me larrai, 1914 se 1916
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1914 ke ant talak, English Channel se lae ke Switzwerland ke border talak , France me allies aur Germany ke army ek duusre ke saamna trench me se larr ke karat rahin.[13] Duuna bagal aage barrhae ke kosis karat rahin lekin koi safaltaa nai milat rahaa. Iske baad nawaa hathiyaar, jaise ki poison gas aur tank ke kaam me laawa gais rahaa.[14][15] February 1916 me Battle of Verdum suruu bhais jab Germany, France ke defensive position ke attack karis . Ii December 1916 talak chalaa aur ant me duuno bagal jahaan suruu me rahin, wahii pe khalaas bhain. Duuno side ke milae ke lahbhag 1.5 million casualty rahaa.[16] July 1916 se November 1916 talak Battle of Somme chalaa, jisme duuna bagal ke lagbhag 1 million siphai ke maut bhais . Ii larrai me jaada log bemaari se mare rahin.[17]
Samundar me larrai
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Jab World War I suruu bhais tab Germany ke navy ke jahaaj dunia bhar me faila rahin. Isme se jaade ke ek ek kar ke Royal Navy dubae diis. Dher Germany ke jahaaj Germany laute ke time dui ENglish cruisers ke dubain lekin baad me ii group ke Royal navy gher ke dubae diis. Larrai suruu hoe ke kuch din baad, Britain, Germany pe naval blokade karis, jon ki bahut kamyaab
rahaa.[18] Britain international samundar me mine bhi bichhais.[19] Iske badle me Germany unrestricted submarine warfare suruu karis.[20] May 1916 me, Battle of Jutland khaali ek dafe rahaa jab duuno des ke navy ek duusre se larrin. Jab ki Britain ke isme jaada damage bhais rahaa, ii larrai ke baad Germany ke navy aapan port se bahaar fir nai niklaa.[21]
Germany ke U-boat Britain ke supply line America se, ke kaate ke kosis karin. [22] Isme merchant ship ke koi warning nai dewa jaat rahaa, aur duube ke baad uske crew ke bache ke koi aasra nai rahaa.[22][23] 1915 me Lusitania ke dube ke baad, Germany aapan submarine warfare me promise karis ki uu passenger liner ke fir nai target karii. Lekin 197 me, ii jaante ki America larrai me join kare waala rahaa, Germany unrestricted submarune warfare ke fir se suruu karis.[22][24] Germany sought to strangle Allied sea lanes before the United States could transport a large army overseas, but, after initial successes, eventually failed to do so.[22]
References
badlo- ↑ Keegan 1998, p. 52.
- ↑ Willmott 2003, p. 15.
- ↑ Finestone & Massie 1981, p. 247.
- ↑ Smith 2010.
- ↑ Willmott 2003, p. 27.
- ↑ Lieven 2016, p. 326.
- ↑ Michael Duffy (2002-11-03). "Primary Documents: Archduke Franz Ferdinand's Assassination, 28 June 1914". First World War.com. Archived from the original on 2018-06-28. Retrieved 2017-02-16.
- ↑ Jackson 2018, p. 55.
- ↑ Tucker & Roberts 2005, pp. 376–378.
- ↑ Keegan 1998, pp. 224–232.
- ↑ Falls 1960, pp. 79–80.
- ↑ Farwell 1989, p. 353.
- ↑ Gilbert 1994, p. 99.
- ↑ Duffy, Michael (22 August 2009). "Weapons of War: Poison Gas". Firstworldwar.com. Archived from the original on 21 August 2007. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
- ↑ Love 1996.
- ↑ Lichfield, John. "Verdun: myths and memories of the 'lost villages' of France", The Independent, 21 February 2006.
- ↑ Chorba, Terence (November 2018). "Trench Conflict with Combatants and Infectious Disease" (in en-us). Emerging Infectious Diseases (CDC) 24 (11): 2136–2137. doi:10.3201/eid2411.ac2411. ISSN 1080-6040. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2411.AC2411. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
- ↑ Keene 2006, p. 5.
- ↑ Halpern 1995, p. 293.
- ↑ Zieger 2001, p. 50.
- ↑ Jeremy Black (June 2016). "Jutland's Place in History". Naval History 30 (3): 16–21.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 Sheffield, Garry. "The First Battle of the Atlantic". World Wars in Depth. BBC. Archived from the original on 3 June 2019. Retrieved 11 November 2009.
- ↑ Gilbert 1994, p. 306.
- ↑ Jones 2001, p. 80.
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