European Union

**European Union**
European Union ke official flag.
European Union ke map.

European Union (EU), Europe ke ek economic aur political union hae 27 des hae. Iske 1957 me European Economic Community (EEC) ke naam se suruukaraa gais rahaa. Ii union Europe bhar me khule se business kare mauka de hae aur huan ke log ke ek duusre ke des jaae pe koi rok nai hae. Solah des ek paisa (euro) ke kaam me laawe hae.

Itihaas

19th century se pahile log "European unity" ke baare me sochat rahin aur World War I ke baat ii aur jor pakrris. 1920 me John Maynard Keyness ek European customs union ke sujhao rakkhis jisse ke larrai ke baad ke Europe ke economy recover kare sake.^[1] 1923 me European integration ke sab se puraana sanstha, Paneuropean Union ke suruu karaa gais jisme Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi rahaa. 5 September 1929 me Aristide Briand, jo France ke Prime Minister rahaa, Paneuropean Union ke follower rahaa aur Nobel Peace Prize ke jiite rahaa, League of Nations me ek bhaasan diis jisme uu ek "federal Europe" ke maang karis jisse France aur Germany ke biich ke batbhed ke khalaas karaa jaae sake.^[2]^[3]

Jab Europe me fir se larrai suruu bhais tab kon chij khaatir larra jaae hae ke uppar pe pahile agree hoe ke parraa. 1941 me, sab se pahila agreement rahaa Declaration of St James's Palace jab Europe ke resistance ke log ek saathe baithe rahin. Baad me 1941 ke Atlantic Charter ke niche Allies banaa aur uulog common goals ke baare me agree bhae rahin. Uske niche 1944 me Bretton Woods System aur 1945 me United Nations banaa.^[4]

World War II ke baad, European integration ke kaam me laae ke extreme nationalism ke roke ke idea banaa.^[5] 19 September 1946 me Winston Churchill, University of Zurich me fir se "European Union" aur "Council of Europe" ke maang karis.^[6] ^[7] Ek mahina baad France me [decolonisation]] ke maang karaa gais, jisse France fir se European community ke hissa bane sake.^[8]

1952 me coal aur steel ke trade khatir, Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, aur Luxembourg European Coal and Steel Community banais rahaa.

1957 me Rome me iske badal ke European Economic Community banain.

1992 ke Treaty of Maastricht European Union ke badal ke money, justice, and foreign affairs ke bhi ek karis. Schengen Agreement se EU ke 22 member des aapan border ek duusre se khol diin jisske log ek duusre ke des bina passport nai to identity card dekhawe ek duusre ke des jaawe sake. 10 nawaa des 2004 me aur dui aur 2007 me EU join karin aur ek aur 2013 me. 2016 me United Kingdom EU se nikle ke vote karis. 2024 me, EU me 27 member des hae.

Free movement

European Union ke 27 member des ke loi jan koi bhi 27 des me, bina work permit aur visa, rahe aur kaam kare sake hae. Iske matlab hae ki France ke ek jan Greece me jaae ke rahe aur kaam kare sake hae, aur iske khaatir uske Greece ke sarkar se koi ijaajat ke jaruri nai hae.

Ek member des me banaa chij ke duusra member ke des me bina koi ijaajat aur jaada tax ke aur koi des me bejaa jaae sake hae. Iske kaaran EU ke members EU me banaa chij ke safety rules se agree kare hae. Ii kaaran se ek des me banaa chij, duusra des me bhi kaam me laae pe safe rahe hae.

Member countries

Republic of Macedonia aur Turkey "candidate des hae", ii sab ke join kare ke baare me abhi salah hoe hae. Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro aur Serbia bhi kuch din me join kare mangi.

Suruu kare waala des

1973 me join karin

1981 me join karis

Greece

1985 me karis

Greenland

1986 me join karis

1995 me join karin

2004 me join karin

2007 me join karin

2013 me join karin

Croatia

European Commission

Geography

Europe (EU highlighted) ke topographic chhaapa

European Union ke member states ke area 4,233,262 square kilometres hae.^[9] EU ke sab se uunchaa pahaarr Mont Blanc hae, jon Graian Alps pe hae, jon sea level se 4,810 metre uppar hae.^[10] EU ke sab se niche waala jagha Denmark me Lammefjorden aur Netherlands me Zuidplaspolder hae jon 7 metres samundar ke level se niche hae.^[11] EU ke coastline 65,993 kilometre lambaa hae.

Europe ke des ke territory Europe se bahaar bhi hae. Isme me se sab se barraa, Greenland hae, jon Denmark ke niche hae. Canary Island jon Africa se kuchh duur hae sab se jaada population waala jagha hae jon ki EU me hae aur Europe se bahaar hae. AUr jagha hae French Guinea jon South America me hae aur Mayotte jon Madagascar ke north me hae.

Mausam

A Köppen-Geiger climate classification map of Europe (including non-EU member states)

European Union ke climate jaada kar ke temperate hae, lekin west coast me maritime climate hae aur south me mediterranean climate hae. Hian ke maun pe Gilf Stram ke khaas asar rahe hae aur Europe ke western hissa dunia ke yahii latitude ke duusra jagha se garam hae.

Economy

2022 me EU member states ke GDP US$16.64 trillion rahaa, jon dunia ke 16.6% hae.^[12] EU ke member des me GDP me dher antar hae ke member des me GDP me dher antar hae. Jab ki Bulgaria ke per capita GDP khaali 4,600 Euro hae, tab Luvembourg ke per capita GDP 92.600 Euros hae.^[13]

References

↑ Taussig, F.W.; Keynes, John Maynard (1920). "Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace". The Quarterly Journal of Economics (Oxford University Press) 34 (2): 381. doi:10.2307/1882372. ISSN 0033-5533. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1882372.
↑ Schulz, Matthias (December 3, 2010). "Der Briand-Plan und der Völkerbund als Verhandlungsarena für die europäische Einigung zwischen den Kriegen" (in German). IEG(http://www.ieg-mainz.de). Retrieved 16 November 2023.
↑ Nelsson, Richard (5 September 2019). "Aristide Briand's plan for a United States of Europe". the Guardian. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
↑ "Milestones: 1937–1945". Office of the Historian. 8 March 1946. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
↑ "The political consequences". CVCE. Retrieved 28 April 2013.
↑ "Union of European Federalists (UEF): Churchill and Hertenstein". Union of European Federalists (UEF). Archived from the original on 5 June 2023. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
↑ "Ein britischer Patriot für Europa: Winston Churchills Europa-Rede, Universität Zürich, 19. September 1946", Zeit Online.
↑ Hansen, Peo; Jonsson, Stefan (2011). "Bringing Africa as a 'Dowry to Europe'". Interventions 13 (3): 443–463 (459). doi:10.1080/1369801X.2011.597600. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-59237.
↑ This figure includes the extra-European territories of member states that are part of the EU, and excludes the European territories of member states which are not part of the Union. For more information, see Special member state territories and the European Union.
↑ "Mont Blanc shrinks by 45 cm (17.72 in) in two years", Sydney Morning Herald, 6 November 2009.
↑ "The World Factbook". cia.gov. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
↑ "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023". International Monetary Fund EU. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
↑ "Regional GDP per capita ranged from 31% to 626% of the EU average in 2017". ec.europa.eu.

Dusra websites

European Union online portal
Germany's EU Council Presidency
'Your Europe' information website
Europe of cultures 50 years of artistic creation and cultural life from the 27 countries of the European Union

[Taussig_Keynes_1920_p._381-1] Taussig, F.W.; Keynes, John Maynard (1920). "Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace". The Quarterly Journal of Economics (Oxford University Press) 34 (2): 381. doi:10.2307/1882372. ISSN 0033-5533. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1882372.

[Schulz_2010_g046-2] Schulz, Matthias (December 3, 2010). "Der Briand-Plan und der Völkerbund als Verhandlungsarena für die europäische Einigung zwischen den Kriegen" (in German). IEG(http://www.ieg-mainz.de). Retrieved 16 November 2023.

[Nelsson_2019_n549-3] Nelsson, Richard (5 September 2019). "Aristide Briand's plan for a United States of Europe". the Guardian. Retrieved 16 November 2023.

[Office_of_the_Historian_1946_r351-4] "Milestones: 1937–1945". Office of the Historian. 8 March 1946. Retrieved 16 November 2023.

[5] "The political consequences". CVCE. Retrieved 28 April 2013.

[Union_of_European_Federalists_(UEF)-6] "Union of European Federalists (UEF): Churchill and Hertenstein". Union of European Federalists (UEF). Archived from the original on 5 June 2023. Retrieved 17 May 2022.

[7] "Ein britischer Patriot für Europa: Winston Churchills Europa-Rede, Universität Zürich, 19. September 1946", Zeit Online.

[8] Hansen, Peo; Jonsson, Stefan (2011). "Bringing Africa as a 'Dowry to Europe'". Interventions 13 (3): 443–463 (459). doi:10.1080/1369801X.2011.597600. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-59237.

[Area.and.population.figure-9] This figure includes the extra-European territories of member states that are part of the EU, and excludes the European territories of member states which are not part of the Union. For more information, see Special member state territories and the European Union.

[10] "Mont Blanc shrinks by 45 cm (17.72 in) in two years", Sydney Morning Herald, 6 November 2009.

[11] "The World Factbook". cia.gov. Retrieved 12 February 2016.

[12] "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023". International Monetary Fund EU. Retrieved 24 March 2023.

[13] "Regional GDP per capita ranged from 31% to 626% of the EU average in 2017". ec.europa.eu.

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