Switzerland

Switzerland
	Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft; Confédération suisse; Confederazione Svizzera; Confederaziun svizra; Confoederatio Helvetica
Jhanda	Coat of arms
Des ke jaankari
Des ke motto:	Unus pro omnibus, omnes pro uno (Latin) "One for all, all for one"
National anthem:	"Swiss Psalm"
Log ke baare me
Official bhasa:	German, French, Italian, Romansh
	Abaadi:
- Total:	7'459'100 (2005) (ranked 92°)
- Density:	181 per km²
Jagha
	country map Hian pe des ke dunia ke map me dekhawa jaawe hae.
Capital City:	Bern
Sab se barraa City:	Zürich
	Area
- Total:	41'285 km² (ranked 132°)
Politics / Government
Leader:	Alain Berset (President) Ueli Maurer (Vice President) Ignazio Cassis Viola Amherd Simonetta Sommaruga Guy Parmelain Karin Keller-Sutter
Economy / Money
Paisa ke naam:	Swiss Franc (CHF)
International information
Time ke zone:	+1
Telephone ke dialing code:	+41
Internet domain:	.ch

Switzerland (German bhasa:Schweiz), Europe ke west me ek chhota des hai. Switzerland ke north me Germany, east me Austria aur Liechtenstein, south me Italy aur west me France hai.

Switzerland ke uske neutrality khatir jaana jaawe hai. Dher international organizations Switzerland me based hai. United Nations ke main office Geneva me hai aur isse pahile League of Nations, ke headquarters bhihian pe rahaa.

Switzerland ke official naam Confoederatio Helvetica hai. Switzerland ke chaar official languagehai: German, French, Italian, aur Romansh.

Switzerland ke capital Bern hai aur sab se barraa city Zürich hai.

Geography

Matterhorn in the Swiss Alps

Switzerland ke area 41,285 km² hai.

Switzerland me 2,889 villages, towns and cities.

Switzerland me dher pahaarr hai.

Rhine aur Rhône naddii Switzerland ke pahaarr se suruu hoe hai. Hian pe dher talao bhi hai.

People

Switzerland ke population 7.5 million log hai, jisme se 64% German me baat kare ai, 19% French, 8% Italian aur khaali 1% Romansh me baat kare hai.

Switzerland ke jaada log Christian hai, jisme se 43% Catholic, 35% Protestantism, 2% Eastern Orthodoxy, 4% Islam hai.

Chhaapa ke gallery

Itihaas

Switzerland me 150,000 saal pahile insaan ke rakam log ke rahe ke sabuut hae. Kisaani was basti, jon 5300 BC me rahaa ke bhi paawa gais hae.^[1] Hian ke puraana tribes, La Tene 450 BC se hian pe rahat rahin.^[2] Isme ke ek tribe, Helvetti Switzerland ke pahaarr ke chhorr ke eastern France me jaae ke bas gain. Hian pe uu logan ke takkar ROman army se bhais, aur ek larrai me uu log ke haar hoe gais. Iske baad uulog ke Switzerland laute ke parra aur uu logan ke adhikaar aur kahin jaae ke uppar rok lagaawa gais rahaa. 15 BC me Rome ke Emperor, Tiberius Switzerland ke aapan niche kar liis. 4th century me Rome, Germanic tribe ke attack ke kaaran Switzerland ke chhorr diin.

4th century ke baad, Switzerland ke western hissa Kinkdom of Burgundy ke niche rahaa, jahaan se huan pe French bhasa introduce karaa gais rahaa. 4th century me ek duusra tribe ke log aae ke Swiss plateau me rahe lagin aur 8th century talak hian pe dui kingdom rahaa. Sixth century me ii duuno kingdom Frakish empire ke niche hoe gais.^[3]^[4]

843 me Switzerland ke dui bhaag me baat dewa gais rahaa - Middle Francia aur East Framcia, lekin 1000 AD me duuno ek hoe ke Holy Roman Empire ke niche hoe gais. 10th century me ii raj kamjor parr gais aur Magyar log Switzerland ke dui town ke barbaad kar diin. Iske baad East Francia ke raja sab settlement ke batais ki uu logan fortifications banae. Ii kaaran se dher city saarkar eastern Awitzerland me banaa rahaa. 1200 talak Switzerland me dher chota-chota raj rahaa.

Puraana Swiss Confederacy 1291 (dark green) se sixteenth century talak (light green) aur iske associates (blue). Duusra rang me subject territories ke dekhaawa jaae hae.

Puraana Swiss Confederacy, central alps ke log ke alliance rahaa. Ii Confederacy pe nobles aur patricians raj karat rahin. 1291 ke Federal Charter ii confederacy ke founding document rahaa. Ii document pe Uri, Schwyz aur Unterwalden agree bhae rahin. ^[5]^[6]

1353 me pahila tiin canton me Glarus, Zug, Lucerne, Zurich aur Bern bhi join hoe gais aur aath state ke "Old Confederacy" banaa. Confederacy ke barra hoe ke kaaran, 1460 talak ii confederacy Rhine ke south west se Alps talak ke sab jagha ke control karat rahin. 1470s ke Swabain war me Swiss log Holy Roman Empire ke hare ke dher ajaadi le lin rahaa. 1501 me Basel^[7] aur Schaffhausen bhi Old Swiss Confederacy ke join kar liin.^[8]

Suruu me Confederacy dher larrai jiitis rahaa, lekin 1515 me ek battle me haar khaais. Iskke baad cantons ke biich me dharmik larrai bhais, lekin 1648 me, Peace of Westphalia ke niche Europe ke des Switzerland ke independencs ke recognize karin. Azaad Switzerland ke suruu me ruler log dictator ke rakam rahin.^[9] .

The Act of Mediation was Napoleon's attempt at a compromise between the Ancien Régime and a Republic.

1798 me France, Switzerland ke invade karis aur aur ek nawaa constitution impose karis.

Duusra websites

English homepage of the Swiss Federal Authorities Archived 2005-01-03 at the Wayback Machine
The Swiss Confederation: A Brief Guide 2006 Archived 2006-06-15 at the Wayback Machine
Switzerland information at Traveldir.org Archived 2006-08-10 at the Wayback Machine
Pictures from Switzerland Archived 2007-03-13 at the Wayback Machine

References

↑ "History". swissworld.org. Archived from the original on 19 April 2010. Retrieved 27 June 2009.
↑ "Switzerland's Roman heritage comes to life". swissinfo.ch. 11 September 2005. Archived from the original on 15 September 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
↑ "Switzerland history". Nations Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 27 November 2009.
↑ "Brief History of Switzerland". Nations Online. Archived from the original on 8 May 2014. Retrieved 27 November 2009.
↑ Greanias, Thomas (2004). Geschichte der Schweiz und der Schweizer. Basel: Schwabe. ISBN 978-3-7965-2067-9. OCLC 255970548. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/255970548.
↑ "A Brief Survey of Swiss History". Federal Department of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 26 June 2009. Retrieved 22 June 2009.
↑ "Der Basler Bundesbrief vom 9. Juni 1501" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 May 2022. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
↑ E.Hofer, Roland. "Schaffhausen (Kanton)". Historical Dictionary of Switzerland (in German). Archived from the original on 3 May 2022. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
↑ Bertholet, Auguste; Kapossy, Béla (2023) (in fr). La Physiocratie et la Suisse. Geneva: Slatkine. ISBN 9782051029391. https://www.slatkine.com/fr/slatkine-reprints-erudition/75939-book-07102939-9782051029391.html.

[Early-1] "History". swissworld.org. Archived from the original on 19 April 2010. Retrieved 27 June 2009.

[2] "Switzerland's Roman heritage comes to life". swissinfo.ch. 11 September 2005. Archived from the original on 15 September 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2022.

[Nationsencyclopedia-Hist-3] "Switzerland history". Nations Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 27 November 2009.

[Nationsonline-4] "Brief History of Switzerland". Nations Online. Archived from the original on 8 May 2014. Retrieved 27 November 2009.

[5] Greanias, Thomas (2004). Geschichte der Schweiz und der Schweizer. Basel: Schwabe. ISBN 978-3-7965-2067-9. OCLC 255970548. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/255970548.

[Brief-6] "A Brief Survey of Swiss History". Federal Department of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 26 June 2009. Retrieved 22 June 2009.

[7] "Der Basler Bundesbrief vom 9. Juni 1501" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 May 2022. Retrieved 3 May 2022.

[8] E.Hofer, Roland. "Schaffhausen (Kanton)". Historical Dictionary of Switzerland (in German). Archived from the original on 3 May 2022. Retrieved 3 May 2022.

[9] Bertholet, Auguste; Kapossy, Béla (2023) (in fr). La Physiocratie et la Suisse. Geneva: Slatkine. ISBN 9782051029391. https://www.slatkine.com/fr/slatkine-reprints-erudition/75939-book-07102939-9782051029391.html.

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