Wikipedia

Wikipedia:IPA for Sanskrit

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Sanskrit pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.

Sanskrit has many complex phonological processes, called sandhi, that alter sounds due to the presence of neighboring sounds at morpheme or word boundaries. See Shiksha for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Sanskrit.

Consonants
IPA Nagari[1] IAST English equivalent
b ब b abash
bʱ भ bh abhor
c च c catch
cʰ छ ch choose
d̪ द d ado
d̪ʱ ध dh adhere
ɖ ड ḍ guard
ɖʱ ढ ḍh guardhouse
ɡ ग g agate
ɡʱ घ gh pigheaded
h ः ḥ head
ɦ ह h ahead
j य y yak
ɟ ज j hedge
ɟʱ झ jh hedgehog
k क k scan
kʰ ख kh can
l ल l leaf
m म m much [2]
n̪ न n not [2]
ɳ ण ṇ burner [2]
ɲ ञ ñ canyon [2]
ŋ ङ ṅ bank [2]
p प p span
pʰ फ ph phone
r र r
s̪ स s sue
ʂ ष ṣ worship
ɕ श ś shoe
t̪ त t stable
t̪ʰ थ th table
ʈ ट ṭ art
ʈʰ ठ ṭh art-historian
ʋ व v between ‹w› and ‹v›
Vowels [2][3]
IPA Nagari[1] IAST English equivalent
ə अ, प a nut
ɑː आ, पा ā bra
eː ए, पे e between yell and Yale
i इ, पि i happy
iː ई, पी ī feet
l̩ ऌ, पॢ ḷ Syllabic ‹l›: bottle
l̩ː ॡ, पॣ ḹ Long syllabic ‹l›
oː ओ, पो o old
r̩ ऋ, पृ ṛ Syllabic ‹r›: better
r̩ː ॠ, पॄ ṝ Long syllabic ‹r›: bird
u उ, पु u look
uː ऊ, पू ū loot
əi ऐ, पै ai
əu औ, पौ au


Other symbols
IPA Nagari[1] IAST English equivalent
 ̃ ँ ṃ nasal vowel ([ãː], [õː], etc.) [2]
ˈ stress
(placed before stressed syllable)

Notes

badlo
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 In its time, Sanskrit was transmitted orally only. Traditionally, the various languages of India each used their local Brahmic script script for writing Sanskrit. In the past few centuries, Devanagari has come to be used as the default script for Sanskrit.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Vowels may occur nasalized as an allophone of the nasal consonants in certain positions. See anusvara, chandrabindu.
  3. ↑ Sanskrit distinguishes between long and short vowels. Each monophthong has a long and short phoneme. The diphthongs, historically /ai, aːi, au, aːu/, also have a difference in quality: /e, əi, o, əu/. Vowels may rarely occur extra-long.
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