Nobel Prize

Har saal Nobel Prizes dher vibhag me dewa jaawe hae. Ii vibhag hae Literature, Science aur Peace. Nobel Prize ke Alfred Nobel ke baad naam dewa gais hae. Iske dunia me sab se barraa prize maana jaawe hae.

Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences bhi Alfred Nobel ke yaad me dewa jjawe hae, aur kabhi kabhi iske Nobel Prize in Economics bola jaawe hae, lekin ii Nobel ke will ke hissa nai hae. Iske 1969 me Bank of Sweden suruu karis rahaa. Ii prize ke aur Nobel Prize ke ssathe dewa jaawe hae.

Prize categories and laureates

Physics me nobel prize jiite waala jiske Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences decide kare hae

Year	Laureate		Des	Rationale
1901		Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen	Germany	"uske ek rakam ke ray ke pawe ke khatir jiske naam uske naam dewa gais hae."
1902		Hendrik Lorentz	Netherlands	" uske ii khoj ke khatir ki radiation ke uppar magnetism ke kon asar rahe hae."
		Pieter Zeeman	Netherlands
1903		Antoine Henri Becquerel	France	"uske spontaneous radioactivity ke baare me paawe ke baad"
		Pierre Curie	France	" uu logan ke Professor Henri Becquerel se pawa gais radiation phenomena ke baare me khoj "
		Marie Curie	Poland / France
1904		John William Strutt	United Kingdom	"uske khaas gas ke uppar khoj aur uske argon ke paawe ke khatir"
1905		Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard	Germany	"uske cathode ray ke uppar kaam ke khaatir"
1906		Joseph John Thomson	United Kingdom	" uske "conduction of electricity by gases" ke uppar ke khoj ke khatir
1907		Albert Abraham Michelson	United States	"uske optical precision instruments aur spectroscopic and metrological ke uppar ke khoj ke khatir"
1908		Gabriel Lippmann	France	"for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference"
1909		Guglielmo Marconi	Italy	"[for] their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy"
		Karl Ferdinand Braun	Germany
1910		Johannes Diderik van der Waals	Netherlands	"for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids"
1911		Wilhelm Wien	Germany	"for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat"
1912		Nils Gustaf Dalén	Sweden	"for his invention of automatic valves designed to be used in combination with gas accumulators in lighthouses and buoys"
1913		Heike Kamerlingh-Onnes	Netherlands	"for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium"
1914		Max von Laue	Germany	"For his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals", an important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy.
1915		William Henry Bragg	United Kingdom	"For their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays", an important step in the development of X-ray crystallography
		William Lawrence Bragg	United Kingdom
1916	Not awarded
1917		Charles Glover Barkla	United Kingdom	"For his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements", another important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy
1918		Max Planck	Germany	"[for] the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta"
1919		Johannes Stark	Germany	"for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields"
1920		Charles Édouard Guillaume	Switzerland	"[for] the service he has rendered to precision measurements in physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel-steel alloys"
1921		Albert Einstein	Germany	"for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect"
1922		Niels Bohr	Denmark	"for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them"
1923		Robert Andrews Millikan	United States	"for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect"
1924	file:Manne Siegbahn.jpg	Manne Siegbahn	Sweden	"for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy"
1925		James Franck	Germany	"for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom"
	file:Gustav Ludwig Hertz.jpg	Gustav Hertz	Germany
1926		Jean Baptiste Perrin	France	"for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium"
1927		Arthur Holly Compton	United States	"for his discovery of the effect named after him"
		Charles Thomson Rees Wilson	United Kingdom	"for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour"
1928		Owen Willans Richardson	United Kingdom	"for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him"
1929		Prince Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie	France	"for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons"
1930	file:CVRaman.jpg	Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman	India	"for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him"
1931	Not awarded
1932		Werner Heisenberg	Germany	"for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen"
1933		Erwin Schrödinger	Austria	"for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory"
		Paul Dirac	United Kingdom
1934	Not awarded
1935	file:Chadwick.jpg	James Chadwick	United Kingdom	"for the discovery of the neutron"
1936		Victor Francis Hess	Austria	"for his discovery of cosmic radiation"
		Carl David Anderson	United States	"for his discovery of the positron"
1937		Clinton Joseph Davisson	United States	"for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals"
		George Paget Thomson	United Kingdom
1938		Enrico Fermi	Italy	"for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons"
1939		Ernest Lawrence	United States	"for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements"
1940	Not awarded
1941	Not awarded
1942	Not awarded
1943	file:OttoStern.jpg	Otto Stern	United States	"for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton"
1944		Isidor Isaac Rabi	United States	"for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei"
1945		Wolfgang Pauli	Austria	"for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli principle"
1946	file:Percy Williams Bridgman.jpg	Percy Williams Bridgman	United States	"for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made there within the field of high pressure physics"
1947		Edward Victor Appleton	United Kingdom	"for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer"
1948		Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett	United Kingdom	"for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation"
1949		Hideki Yukawa	Japan	"for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces"
1950		Cecil Frank Powell	United Kingdom	"for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method"
1951		John Douglas Cockcroft	United Kingdom	"for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles"
		Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton	Ireland
1952		Felix Bloch	United States	"for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"
		Edward Mills Purcell	United States
1953		Frits Zernike	Netherlands	"for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope"
1954		Max Born	United Kingdom	"for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction"
		Walther Bothe	West Germany	"for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith"
1955		Willis Eugene Lamb	United States	"for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum"
		Polykarp Kusch	United States	"for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron"
1956		John Bardeen	United States	"for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect"
		Walter Houser Brattain	United States
		William Bradford Shockley	United States
1957		Tsung-Dao Lee	Republic of China	"for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles"
		Chen Ning Yang	Republic of China
1958		Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov	Soviet Union	"for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect"
		Il'ya Frank	Soviet Union
		Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm	Soviet Union
1959		Owen Chamberlain	United States	"for their discovery of the antiproton"
		Emilio Gino Segrè	Italy
1960		Donald Arthur Glaser	United States	"for the invention of the bubble chamber"
1961		Robert Hofstadter	United States	"for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons"
		Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer	West Germany	"for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name"
1962		Lev Davidovich Landau	Soviet Union	"for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium"
1963		Eugene Paul Wigner	United States	"for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles"
	file:Maria Goeppert-Mayer.gif	Maria Goeppert-Mayer	United States	"for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure"
		J. Hans D. Jensen	West Germany
1964		Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov	Soviet Union	"for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle"
		Aleksandr Prokhorov	Soviet Union
		Charles Hard Townes	United States
1965		Richard Phillips Feynman	United States	"for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"
		Julian Schwinger	United States
		Sin-Itiro Tomonaga	Japan
1966		Alfred Kastler	France	"for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms"
1967		Hans Albrecht Bethe	United States	"for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars"
1968		Luis Walter Alvarez	United States	"for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis"
1969		Murray Gell-Mann	United States	"for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions"
1970		Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén	Sweden	"for fundamental work and discoveries in magneto-hydrodynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics"
		Louis Néel	France	"for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics"
1971		Dennis Gabor	United Kingdom	"for his invention and development of the holographic method"
1972		John Bardeen	United States	"for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory"
		Leon Neil Cooper	United States
	file:Schrieffer.jpg	John Robert Schrieffer	United States
1973		Leo Esaki	Japan	"for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively"
		Ivar Giaever	United States Norway
	file:Brian David Josephson.jpg	Brian David Josephson	United Kingdom	"for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effect"
1974		Martin Ryle	United Kingdom	"for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars"
		Antony Hewish	United Kingdom
1975		Aage Bohr	Denmark	"for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection"
		Ben Roy Mottelson	Denmark
		Leo James Rainwater	United States
1976		Burton Richter	United States	"for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind"
		Samuel Chao Chung Ting	United States
1977		Philip Warren Anderson	United States	"for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems"
	file:Sir Nevill Francis Mott.jpg	Nevill Francis Mott	United Kingdom
		John Hasbrouck Van Vleck	United States
1978		Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa	Soviet Union	"for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics"
		Arno Allan Penzias	United States	"for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation"
		Robert Woodrow Wilson	United States
1979		Sheldon Lee Glashow	United States	"for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current"
	file:Abdus salam.gif	Abdus Salam	Pakistan
		Steven Weinberg	United States
1980		James Watson Cronin	United States	"for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons"
		Val Logsdon Fitch	United States
1981		Nicolaas Bloembergen	United States	"for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy"
		Arthur Leonard Schawlow	United States
		Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn	Sweden	"for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy"
1982		Kenneth G. Wilson	United States	"for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions"
1983		Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar	India, United States	"for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars"
		William Alfred Fowler	United States	"for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe"
1984		Carlo Rubbia	Italy	"for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction"
		Simon van der Meer	Netherlands
1985		Klaus von Klitzing	West Germany	"for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect"
1986		Ernst Ruska	West Germany	"for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope"
		Gerd Binnig	West Germany	"for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope"
		Heinrich Rohrer	Switzerland
1987		Johannes Georg Bednorz	West Germany	"for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials"
		Karl Alexander Müller	Switzerland
1988		Leon Max Lederman	United States	"for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino"
		Melvin Schwartz	United States
		Jack Steinberger	United States
1989		Norman Foster Ramsey	United States	"for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks"
		Hans Georg Dehmelt	United States	"for the development of the ion trap technique"
		Wolfgang Paul	West Germany
1990		Jerome I. Friedman	United States	"for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics"
		Henry Way Kendall	United States
		Richard E. Taylor	Canada
1991		Pierre-Gilles de Gennes	France	"for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers"
1992		Georges Charpak	France	"for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber"
1993		Russell Alan Hulse	United States	"for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation"
		Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr.	United States
1994		Bertram Brockhouse	Canada	"for the development of neutron spectroscopy" and "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter"
		Clifford Glenwood Shull	United States	"for the development of the neutron diffraction technique" and "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter"
1995		Martin Lewis Perl	United States	"for the discovery of the tau lepton" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics"
		Frederick Reines	United States	"for the detection of the neutrino" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics"
1996		David Morris Lee	United States	"for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"
		Douglas D. Osheroff	United States
		Robert Coleman Richardson	United States
1997		Steven Chu	United States	"for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light."
		Claude Cohen-Tannoudji	France
		William Daniel Phillips	United States
1998		Robert B. Laughlin	United States	"for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations"
		Horst Ludwig Störmer	Germany
		Daniel Chee Tsui	United States
1999		Gerardus 't Hooft	Netherlands	"for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics"
		Martinus J. G. Veltman	Netherlands
2000		Zhores Ivanovich Alferov	Russia	"for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and optoelectronics"
		Herbert Kroemer	Germany
		Jack St. Clair Kilby	United States	"for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit"
2001		Eric Allin Cornell	United States	"for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates"
		Carl Edwin Wieman	United States
		Wolfgang Ketterle	Germany
2002		Raymond Davis, Jr.	United States	"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos"
		Masatoshi Koshiba	Japan
		Riccardo Giacconi	United States	"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources"
2003		Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov	Russia United States	"for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids"
		Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg	Russia
		Anthony James Leggett	United Kingdom United States
2004		David J. Gross	United States	"for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction"
		H. David Politzer	United States
		Frank Wilczek	United States
2005		Roy J. Glauber	United States	"for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence"
		John L. Hall	United States	"for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique"
		Theodor W. Hänsch	Germany
2006		John C. Mather	United States	"for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation"
		George F. Smoot	United States
2007		Albert Fert	France	"for the discovery of giant magnetoresistance"
		Peter Grünberg	Germany
2008		Makoto Kobayashi	Japan	"for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature"
		Toshihide Maskawa	Japan
		Yoichiro Nambu	United States	"for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics"
2009		Charles K. Kao	Hong Kong United Kingdom United States	"for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication"
		Willard S. Boyle	Canada United States	"for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor"
		George E. Smith	United States
2010		Andre Geim	Russia Netherlands	"for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene"
		Konstantin Novoselov	Russia United Kingdom

Chemistry me Nobel prize jiite waala log(decided by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences)

Year	Laureate		Country	Rationale
1901		Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff	the Netherlands	"[for his] discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions"
1902		Hermann Emil Fischer	Germany	"[for] his work on sugar and purine syntheses"
1903		Svante August Arrhenius	Sweden	"[for] his electrolytic theory of dissociation"
1904		Sir William Ramsay	United Kingdom	"[for his] discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system"
1905		Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer	Germany	"[for] the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds"
1906		Henri Moissan	France	"[for his] investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for [the] electric furnace called after him"
1907		Eduard Buchner	Germany	"for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation"
1908		Ernest Rutherford	United Kingdom New Zealand	"for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances"
1909		Wilhelm Ostwald	Germany	"[for] his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction"
1910		Otto Wallach	Germany	"[for] his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds"
1911		Marie Curie, née Sklodowska	Poland	"[for] the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element"
1912		Victor Grignard	France	"for the discovery of the [...] Grignard reagent"
		Paul Sabatier	France	"for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals"
1913		Alfred Werner	Switzerland	"[for] his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules [...] especially in inorganic chemistry"
1914		Theodore William Richards	United States	"[for] his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements"
1915		Richard Martin Willstätter	Germany	"for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll"
1916	Not awarded
1917	Not awarded
1918		Fritz Haber	Germany	"for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements"
1919	Not awarded
1920		Walther Hermann Nernst	Germany	"[for] his work in thermochemistry"
1921		Frederick Soddy	United Kingdom	"for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes"
1922		Francis William Aston	United Kingdom	"for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule"
1923		Fritz Pregl	Austria	"for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances"
1924	Not awarded
1925		Richard Adolf Zsigmondy	Germany	"for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used"
1926		The (Theodor) Svedberg	Sweden	"for his work on disperse systems"
1927		Heinrich Otto Wieland	Germany	"for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances"
1928		Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus	Germany	"[for] his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins"
1929		Arthur Harden	United Kingdom	"for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes"
		Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin	Germany
1930		Hans Fischer	Germany	"for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin"
1931		Carl Bosch	Germany	"[for] their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods"
		Friedrich Bergius	Germany
1932		Irving Langmuir	United States	"for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry"
1933	Not awarded
1934		Harold Clayton Urey	United States	"for his discovery of heavy hydrogen"
1935		Frédéric Joliot	France	"[for] their synthesis of new radioactive elements"
		Irene Joliot-Curie	France
1936		Petrus (Peter) Josephus Wilhelmus Debye	the Netherlands	"[for his work on] molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases"
1937		Walter Norman Haworth	United Kingdom	"for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C"
		Paul Karrer	Switzerland	"for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2"
1938		Richard Kuhn	Germany	"for his work on carotenoids and vitamins"
1939		Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt	Germany	"for his work on sex hormones"
		Leopold Ruzicka	Switzerland	"for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes"
1940	Not awarded
1941	Not awarded
1942	Not awarded
1943		George de Hevesy	Hungary	"for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes"
1944		Otto Hahn	Germany	"for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei"
1945		Artturi Ilmari Virtanen	Finland	"for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method"
1946		James Batcheller Sumner	United States	"for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized"
		John Howard Northrop	United States	"for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form"
		Wendell Meredith Stanley	United States
1947		Sir Robert Robinson	United Kingdom	"for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids"
1948		Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius	Sweden	"for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins"
1949		William Francis Giauque	United States	"for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures"
1950		Otto Paul Hermann Diels	Federal Republic of Germany	"for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis"
		Kurt Alder	Federal Republic of Germany
1951		Edwin Mattison McMillan	United States	"for their discoveries in the chemistry of transuranium elements"
		Glenn Theodore Seaborg	United States
1952		Archer John Porter Martin	United Kingdom	"for their invention of partition chromatography"
		Richard Laurence Millington Synge	United Kingdom
1953		Hermann Staudinger	Federal Republic of Germany	"for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry"
1954		Linus Carl Pauling	United States	"for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances"
1955		Vincent du Vigneaud	United States	"for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone"
1956		Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood	United Kingdom	"for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions"
		Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov	USSR
1957		Lord (Alexander R.) Todd	United Kingdom	"for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes"
1958		Frederick Sanger	United Kingdom	"for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin"
1959		Jaroslav Heyrovský	Czechoslovakia	"for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis"
1960		Willard Frank Libby	United States	"for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science"
1961		Melvin Calvin	United States	"for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants"
1962		Max Ferdinand Perutz	United Kingdom	"for their studies of the structures of globular proteins"
		John Cowdery Kendrew	United Kingdom
1963		Karl Ziegler	Federal Republic of Germany	"for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers"
		Giulio Natta	Italy
1964		Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin	United Kingdom	"for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances"
1965		Robert Burns Woodward	United States	"for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis"
1966		Robert S. Mulliken	United States	"for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method"
1967		Manfred Eigen	Federal Republic of Germany	"for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy"
		Ronald George Wreyford Norrish	United Kingdom
		George Porter	United Kingdom
1968		Lars Onsager	United States	"for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes"
1969		Derek H. R. Barton	United Kingdom	"for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry"
		Odd Hassel	Norway
1970		Luis F. Leloir	Argentina	"for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates"
1971		Gerhard Herzberg	Canada	"for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals"
1972		Christian B. Anfinsen	United States	"for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation"
		Stanford Moore	United States	"for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule"
		William H. Stein	United States
1973		Ernst Otto Fischer	Federal Republic of Germany	"for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds"
		Geoffrey Wilkinson	United Kingdom
1974		Paul J. Flory	United States	"for his fundamental work, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of macromolecules"
1975		John Warcup Cornforth	Australia United Kingdom	"for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions"
		Vladimir Prelog	Switzerland	"for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions"
1976		William N. Lipscomb	United States	"for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding"
1977		Ilya Prigogine	Belgium	"for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures"
1978		Peter D. Mitchell	United Kingdom	"for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory"
1979		Herbert C. Brown	United States	"for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis"
		Georg Wittig	Federal Republic of Germany
1980		Paul Berg	United States	"for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA"
		Walter Gilbert	United States	"for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids"
		Frederick Sanger	United Kingdom
1981		Kenichi Fukui	Japan	"for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions"
		Roald Hoffmann	United States
1982		Aaron Klug	United Kingdom	"for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes"
1983		Henry Taube	United States	"for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes"
1984		Robert Bruce Merrifield	United States	"for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix"
1985		Herbert A. Hauptman	United States	"for their outstanding achievements in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures"
		Jerome Karle	United States
1986		Dudley R. Herschbach	United States	"for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes"
		Yuan T. Lee	United States
		John C. Polanyi	Canada
1987		Donald J. Cram	United States	"for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity"
		Jean-Marie Lehn	France
		Charles J. Pedersen	United States
1988		Johann Deisenhofer	Federal Republic of Germany	"for their determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre"
		Robert Huber	Federal Republic of Germany
		Hartmut Michel	Federal Republic of Germany
1989		Sidney Altman	Canada United States	"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA"
		Thomas R. Cech	United States
1990		Elias James Corey	United States	"for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis"
1991		Richard R. Ernst	Switzerland	"for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy"
1992		Rudolph A. Marcus	United States	"for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems"
1993		Kary B. Mullis	United States	"for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his invention of the polymerase chaen reaction (PCR) method"
		Michael Smith	Canada	"for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies"
1994		George A. Olah	United States	"for his contribution to carbocation chemistry"
1995		Paul J. Crutzen	the Netherlands	"for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone"
	Mario J. Molina	Mario J. Molina	United States
		F. Sherwood Rowland	United States
1996		Robert F. Curl Jr.	United States	"for their discovery of fullerenes"
		Sir Harold W. Kroto	United Kingdom
		Richard E. Smalley	United States
1997		Paul D. Boyer	United States	"for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)"
		John E. Walker	United Kingdom
		Jens C. Skou	Denmark	"for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase"
1998		Walter Kohn	United States	"for his development of the density-functional theory"
		John A. Pople	United Kingdom	"for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry"
1999		Ahmed H. Zewail	Egypt United States	"for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy"
2000		Alan J. Heeger	United States	"for their discovery and development of conductive polymers"
		Alan G MacDiarmid	United States New Zealand
		Hideki Shirakawa	Japan
2001		William S. Knowles	United States	"for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions"
		Ryoji Noyori	Japan
		K. Barry Sharpless	United States	"for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions"
2002		John B. Fenn	United States	"for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules"
		Koichi Tanaka	Japan
		Kurt Wüthrich	Switzerland	"for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution"
2003		Peter Agre	United States	"for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for the discovery of water channels"
		Roderick MacKinnon	United States	"for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels"
2004		Aaron Ciechanover	Israel	"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation"
		Avram Hershko	Israel
		Irwin Rose	United States
2005		Yves Chauvin	France	"for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis"
		Robert H. Grubbs	United States
		Richard R. Schrock	United States
2006		Roger D. Kornberg	United States	"for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription"
2007		Gerhard Ertl	Germany	"for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces"
2008		Osamu Shimomura	United States	"for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP"
		Martin Chalfie	United States
		Roger Y. Tsien	United States

Medicine me Nobel prize jiite waala log (decided by Karolinska Institutet)

1901-1910

Santiago Ramón y Cajal, 1906

• 1901 - Emil Adolf von Behring, Germany, for making a serum to stop people getting the disease diphtheria
• 1902 - Ronald Ross, United Kingdom, for work on malaria
• 1903 - Niels Ryberg Finsen, Denmark, for treating lupus vulgaris (tuberculosis of the skin), with light radiation.
• 1904 - Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, Russia, for his work on the way digestion works.
• 1905 - Robert Koch, Germany, for studying tuberculosis
• 1906 - Camillo Golgi, Italy and Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Spain for their work on the parts of the nervous system
• 1907 - Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran, France, for his work on the way protozoa can cause disease
• 1908 - Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, Russia, and Paul Ehrlich, Germany, for finding out how immunity fights disease
• 1909 - Emil Theodor Kocher, Switzerland, for his work on the thyroid gland
• 1910, Albrecht Kossel, Germany, for his work on proteins and nucleic substances

1911-1919

Allvar Gullstrand, 1911

• 1911 - Allvar Gullstrand, Sweden, for his work on light refraction and the eye
• 1912 - Alexis Carrel, France, for his work on joining blood vessels and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs
• 1913 - Charles Robert Richet, France, for his work on anaphylaxis
• 1914 - Robert Bárány, Austria, for his work on the ear and balance
• 1915 - Not awarded
• 1916 - Not awarded
• 1917 - Not awarded
• 1918 - Not awarded
• 1919 - Jules Bordet, Belgium, for his discoveries about immunity

1920-1929

Frederick Banting, 1923

• 1920 - Schack August Steenberg Krogh, Denmark, for his discoveries about capillaries
• 1921 - Not awarded
• 1922 - Archibald Vivian Hill, United Kingdom, for finding out how muscles make heat
• 1922 - Otto Fritz Meyerhof, Germany, for finding out how oxygen makes chemical changes in lactic acid in muscles
• 1923 - Frederick Grant Banting, Canada and John James Richard Macleod, Canada, for the discovery of insulin"
• 1924 - Willem Einthoven, The Netherlands, for inventing the electrocardiogram"
• 1925 - Not awarded
• 1926 - Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger, Denmark, for his discovery that an infection could lead to cancer
• 1927 - Julius Wagner-Jauregg, Austria, for his discovery that malaria inoculation helps the treatment of paralysis
• 1928 - Charles Jules Henri Nicolle, France, for his work on typhus
• 1929, Christiaan Eijkman, The Netherlands, for finding out how to use a vitamin to stop nerve pain"
• 1929 - Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, United Kingdom, for his discovery of the vitamins that help growth

1930-1939

• 1930 - Karl Landsteiner, for discovery of human blood types
• 1931 - Otto Heinrich Warburg, Germany, for his discovery of the respiratory enzyme
• 1932 Sir Charles Scott Sherrington, United Kingdom, and Edgar Douglas Adrian, United Kingdom, for discoveries about neurons (nerve cells)
• 1933 - Thomas Hunt Morgan, United States, for his work on chromosomes and heredity"
• 1934 - George Hoyt Whipple, George Richards Minot, and William Parry Murphy, United States, for their work on treating the liver to help with anaemia
• 1935 - Hans Spemann, Germany, for finding the organizer effect in embryonic development
• 1936 - Sir Henry Hallett Dale, United Kingdom, and Otto Loewi, Austria for their discoveries about neurotransmitters and nerve impulses
• 1937 - Albert Szent-Györgyi von Nagyrapolt, Hungary, for his discoveries about cells, vitamin C and chemical changes of fumaric acid
• 1938 - Corneille Jean François Heymans, Belgium, for work on the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the control of breathing
• 1939 - Gerhard Domagk, Germany, for finding the antibacterial effects of prontosil

1940-1949

Alexander Fleming, 1945

• 1940 - Not awarded
• 1941 - Not awarded
• 1942 - Not awarded
• 1943 - Carl Peter Henrik Dam, Denmark, for his discovery of vitamin K
• 1943 - Edward Adelbert Doisy, United States, for work on vitamin K"
• 1944 - Joseph Erlanger and Herbert Spencer Gasser, United States, for their discoveries about single nerve fibres
• 1945 - Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chaen, United Kingdom and Howard Walter Florey, Australia, for the discovery of penicillin and making it into an antibiotic to cure infectious diseases
• 1946 - Hermann Joseph Muller, United States, for the discovery of mutations caused by X-ray irradiation
• 1947 - Carl Ferdinand Cori and Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz, United States, for their work on catalytic conversion of glycogen
• 1947 - Bernardo Alberto Houssay, Argentina, for finding out how the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe works in the metabolism of sugar
• 1948 - Paul Hermann Müller, Switzerland, for his work on DDT as a poison against several insects
• 1949 - Walter Rudolf Hess, Switzerland, for his discovery of the way the brain controls the internal organs
• 1949 - Antonio Caetano De Abreu Freire Egas Moniz, Portugal, for using leucotomy (brain surgery) to cure some mental illnesses.

1950-1959

Selman Waksman, 1952

• 1950 - Philip Showalter Hench, Edward Calvin Kendall, United States, and Tadeusz Reichstein, Switzerland, for finding out about the hormones of the adrenal cortex.
• 1951 - Max Theiler, Union of South Africa, for his discoveries about yellow fever.
• 1952 - Selman Abraham Waksman, United States, for finding streptomycin, the first antibiotic to work against tuberculosis
• 1953 - Hans Adolf Krebs, United Kingdom, for his discovery of the citric acid cycle
• 1953 - Fritz Albert Lipmann, United States, for his discovery of co-enzyme A
• 1954 - John Franklin Enders, Frederick Chapman Robbins, and Thomas Huckle Weller, United States, for finding the poliomyelitis virus and growing it in a laboratory
• 1955 - Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell, Sweden, for his discoveries about enzymes changing with oxygen
• 1956 - André Frédéric Cournand, Dickinson W. Richards, United States, and Werner Forssmann, Federal Republic of Germany, for their discoveries about heart catheterization and changes in the circulatory system
• 1957 - Daniel Bovet, Italy for his work on antihistamine and what they do to parts of the body
• 1958 - George Wells Beadle and Edward Lawrie Tatum, United States, for finding out how genes work
• 1958 - Joshua Lederberg, United States, for finding out how genes can work together and the organization of the genes in bacteria
• 1959 - Arthur Kornberg and Severo Ochoa, United States, for their discovery of how living things join ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

1960-1969

• 1960 - Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet, Australia, and Peter Brian Medawar, United Kingdom, for finding out how the body's immunity to things can change.
• 1961 - Georg von Békésy, United States, for his discoveries about the cochlea"
• 1962 - Francis Harry Compton Crick, United Kingdom, James Dewey Watson, United States, and Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins, New Zealand, for finding the structure of nucleic acids and its importance in moving information in living things
• 1963 - Sir John Carew Eccles, Australia, Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, United Kingdom, and Andrew Fielding Huxley, United Kingdom, for their discoveries about nerve cell membrane
• 1964 - Konrad Bloch, United States, and Feodor Lynen, Federal Republic of Germany, for finding out how cholesterol and fatty acid work in the body
• 1965 - François Jacob, André Lwoff, and Jacques Monod, France, for finding out how genes control control viruses
• 1966 - Peyton Rous, United States, for his discovery that viruses can cause tumours
• 1966 - Charles Brenton Huggins, United States, for using hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer
• 1967 - Ragnar Granit, Sweden, Haldan Keffer Hartline, and George Wald, United States, for their discoveries about how the eye works
• 1968 - Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana, and Marshall W. Nirenberg, United States, for their understanding of the genetic code and its role in protein synthesis
• 1969 - Max Delbrück, Alfred D. Hershey, and Salvador E. Luria, United States, for finding how viruses reproduce

1970-1979

David Baltimore, 1975

• 1970 - Julius Axelrod, Ulf von Euler, Sweden, and Sir Bernard Katz, United Kingdom, for finding out about transmittors in the nerve terminals and how they work
• 1971 - Earl W. Sutherland, Jr., United States, for his discoveries about hormones
• 1972 - Gerald M. Edelman, United States, and Rodney R. Porter, United Kingdom, for finding out the chemical structure of antibodies
• 1973 - Karl von Frisch, Federal Republic of Germany, Konrad Lorenz, Austria, and Nikolaas Tinbergen, United Kingdom, for their discoveries about individual and social behaviour patterns
• 1974 - Albert Claude, Christian de Duve, Belgium, and George E. Palade, United States, for their discoveries about cells
• 1975 - David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco, and Howard Martin Temin, United States, for finding what happens when tumour causing viruses infect normal cells.
• 1976 - Baruch S. Blumberg and D. Carleton Gajdusek, United States, for their discoveries about the beginnings and spreading of infectious diseases
• 1977 - Roger Guillemin, Andrew W. Schally, United States, for their discoveries about how the brain makes peptide hormone
• 1977 - Rosalyn Yalow, United States, for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones
• 1978 - Werner Arber, Switzerland, Daniel Nathans, United States, and Hamilton O. Smith, United States for finding restriction enzymes and their use in molecular genetics"
• 1979 - Allan M. Cormack, United States, and Godfrey N. Hounsfield, United Kingdom, for the development of computer assisted tomography

1980-1989

file:Rita Levi-Montalcini in 1965.jpg

Rita Levi-Montalcini, 1986

• 1980 - Baruj Benacerraf, United States, Jean Dausset, France, and George D. Snell, United States, for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that control immunological reactions
• 1981 - Roger W. Sperry, United States, for finding out the role of the cerebral hemispheres of the brain
• 1981 - David H. Hubel, United States, and Torsten N. Wiesel, Sweden, for their discoveries about information processing in the visual system"
• 1982 - Sune K. Bergström, Bengt I. Samuelsson, Sweden, and John R. Vane, United Kingdom, for their discoveries about prostaglandins.
• 1983 - Barbara McClintock, United States, for her discovery of mobile genetic elements
• 1984 - Niels K. Jerne, Denmark, Georges J.F. Köhler, Federal Republic of Germany, César Milstein, Argentina and the United Kingdom, for theories about the development and control of the immune system and the discovery of monoclonal antibodies are made
• 1985 - Michael S. Brown, and Joseph L. Goldstein, United States, for finding out how cholesterol is controlled
• 1986 - Stanley Cohen, United States, and Rita Levi-Montalcini, Italy and the United States, for their discoveries of growth factors
• 1987 - Susumu Tonegawa, Japan, for his discovery how the genes make different antibodies
• 1988 - Sir James W. Black, United Kingdom, Gertrude B. Elion, and George H. Hitchings, United States, for finding important rules for drug treatment
• 1989 - J. Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus, United States, found how disturbing a large family of genes that control the normal growth and division of cells, can cause normal cells to change into cancer cells.

1990-1999

Ferid Murad, 1998

• 1990 - Joseph E. Murray and E. Donnall Thomas, United States, for their discoveries about organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of disease"
• 1991 - Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann, Federal Republic of Germany, for finding what single ion channels do in cells
• 1992 - Edmond H. Fischer, Switzerland and the United States, and Edwin G. Krebs, United States, for finding reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological control mechanism
• 1993 - Richard J. Roberts, United Kingdom, and Phillip A. Sharp, United States, for their discoveries of split genes
• 1994 - Alfred G. Gilman, and Martin Rodbell, United States, for finding G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells
• 1995 - Edward B. Lewis, United States, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Federal Republic of Germany, and Eric F. Wieschaus, United States, for finding how embryonic development is changed by genes
• 1996 - Peter C. Doherty, Australia, and Rolf M. Zinkernagel, Switzerland, for finding how the immune system knows which cells are virus-infected
• 1997 - Stanley B. Prusiner, United States, for his discovery of Prions, proteins that make people sick
• 1998 - Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro and Ferid Murad, United States, for finding how nitric oxide works as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system
• 1999 - Günter Blobel, United States, for the discovery that proteins have built-in signals that control their transport and localization in the cell

2000-2009

Luc Montagnier, 2008

• 2000 - Arvid Carlsson, Sweden, Paul Greengard, United States, and Eric R. Kandel, United States, for their discoveries about signal transduction in the nervous system"
• 2001 - Leland H. Hartwell, United States, Tim Hunt, United Kingdom, and Sir Paul M. Nurse, United Kingdom, for finding the main controls in the cell cycle
• 2002 - Sydney Brenner, United Kingdom, H. Robert Horvitz, United States, and John E. Sulston, United Kingdom, for their finding the genetic controls of organ development and programmed cell death
• 2003 - Paul Lauterbur, United States, and Sir Peter Mansfield, United Kingdom, for inventing magnetic resonance imaging"
• 2004 - Richard Axel and Linda B. Buck, United States, for finding odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system, (how we smell things)
• 2005 - Barry J. Marshall and J. Robin Warren, Australia, for finding the bacterium Helicobacter pylori that causes gastritis and peptic ulcer disease
• 2006 - Andrew Z. Fire and Craig C. Mello, United States, for finding how RNA interference can switch genes "on" or "off"
• 2007 - Mario R. Capecchi, United States, Sir Martin J. Evans, United Kingdom, Oliver Smithies, United States, for finding how to change genes in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells
• 2008 - Harald zur Hausen, Germany, for finding the human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer
  
• 2008 - Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier, France, for finding the human immunodeficiency virus

• Winners of the Nobel Prize for Literature (decided by the Swedish Academy)
• Winners of the Nobel Peace Prize (decided by the Norwegian Nobel Committee, appointed by the Norwegian Parliament, Stortinget)
• Winners of the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel (decided by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences)